Direct costs for outpatient excess body weight treatment in Brazilian children and adolescents attending a public children's hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct costs of treating excess body weight in children and adolescents attending a public children's hospital. METHODS: This study analyzed the costs of the disease within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) for 2,221 patients with excess body weight using a microcosting approach. The costs included operational expenses, consultations, and laboratory and imaging tests obtained from medical records for the period from 2009 to 2019. Healthcare expenses were obtained from the Table of Procedures, Medications, Orthoses/Prostheses, and Special Materials of SUS and from the hospital's finance department. RESULTS: Medical consultations accounted for 50.6% (R$703,503.00) of the total cost (R$1,388,449.40) of treatment over the period investigated. The cost of treating excess body weight was 11.8 times higher for children aged 5-18 years compared to children aged 2-5 years over the same period. Additionally, the cost of treating obesity was approximately 4.0 and 6.3 times higher than the cost of treating overweight children aged 2-5 and 5-18 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: The average annual cost of treating excess body weight was R$138,845.00. Weight status and age influenced the cost of treating this disease, with higher costs being observed for individuals with obesity and children over 5 years of age. Additionally, the important deficit in reimbursement by SUS and the small number of other health professionals highlight the need for restructuring this treatment model to ensure its effectiveness, including a substantial increase in government investment.

Waist circumference and blood pressure in Brazilian children.

AIM: We aimed to examine the association between waist circumference and blood pressure (BP) in children at 9 years of age. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 142 children enrolled in a cohort study conducted at the participants' homes in southern Brazil. SBP and DBP were measured using the auscultatory method. Waist circumference was measured with a 150-cm flexible tape. Logistic regression adjusted for important covariates was used to examine the association between waist circumference and BP. RESULTS: The prevalence of high BP in children was 20.4%. High BP was more prevalent in males (69.0%). The average SBP/DBP on the right arm was 98/60 mmHg in females and 101/62 mmHg in males. An important proportion of children was classified as having high BP and BMI (44.8%) and waist circumference (50.0%) > 85th percentile (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with high BMI and waist circumference were 3.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-11.71, P = 0.015) times more likely to have high BP than those ≤85th percentile, even after adjusting for other covariates. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that waist circumference was associated with both SBP and DBP in 9-year-old children and increased waist circumference was the determining factor of cardiovascular risk.

Association of ADIPOQ-rs2241766 and FTO-rs9939609 genetic variants with body mass index trajectory in women of reproductive age over 6 years of follow-up: the PREDI study.

BACKGROUND: Interindividual variations in body mass index (BMI) can be partially explained by genetic differences. We aimed to examine the association of the ADIPOQ-rs2241766, LEP-rs7799039 and FTO-rs9939609 genetic variants with BMI trajectory in women of reproductive age over 6 years of follow-up. METHODS: This was a prospective study that used data from 435 women of the PREDI Study conducted in Brazil. Socioeconomic, biological and anthropometric data were collected at four time points: 2012 (baseline) in the maternity hospital, and 2013-14, 2016-17 and 2018 (1st, 2nd and 3rd follow-ups) at the participant's home. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. Linear mixed-effect and Poisson regression models were used to address the association of ADIPOQ, LEP and FTO genotypes with BMI and overweight/obesity status. RESULTS: Women carrying the risk allele (TA or AA) of the FTO-rs9939609 genetic variant had a 1.16 kg/m2 higher BMI over the follow-up period than those carrying the wild-type genotype (TT), even when adjusted for potential confounders (95% CI: 0.23-2.10, p = 0.015). The risk of obesity associated with the FTO-TA or AA genotype decreased over the years, demonstrating an influence of time on its trajectory (IRR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98-0.99, p = 0.016). There was no variation in BMI trajectories for the ADIPOQ-rs2241766, LEP-rs7799039 or FTO-rs9939609 genetic variant. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that monitoring women of reproductive age with ADIPOQ-rs2241766 TG/GG or FTO-rs9939609 TA/AA genotypes may be an important strategy to reduce maternal excess body weight and, consequently, the long-term public health burden of obesity.

Adiponectin and leptin gene variants and their effects on body weight trajectories in children from birth to 6 years of age: the PREDI Study.

Excess body weight confers a high risk to human health. Body weight variation between subjects can be partially explained by genetic differences. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of genetic variants in the ADIPOQ (rs2241766) and LEP (rs7799039) genes with body weight trajectories in children from birth to 6 years of age. This was a prospective cohort (PREDI Study). Socio-economic, biological and anthropometric data were collected at four time points: at birth in the maternity unit; 1-2, 4-5 and 6 years old at the participants' homes. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Poisson regression and linear mixed-effect regression models were used to address the association of ADIPOQ and LEP genotypes with BMI. Excessive body weight at pre-pregnancy (ß = 0·339, P = 0·01) and excessive gestational weight gain (ß = 0·51, P < 0·001) were associated with children's BMI trajectory from birth to 6 years. The ADIPOQ-rs2241766 TG or GG genotype was associated with a higher risk of excess body weight in the first 6 years of life (both sexes relative risk 1·25, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·56; female relative risk 1·67, 95 % CI 1·20, 2·31). BMI increased over the years according to the presence of the TG or GG genotype (ß = 0·01, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·02), particularly in females (ß = 0·02, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·04). The ADIPOQ-rs2241766 TG and GG genotypes increased the risk of excess body weight in children from birth to 6 years of age and had a positive effect on body weight trajectories in girls. The LEP-rs7799039 genetic variant was not associated with body weight trajectory in children.

Predictors of low perceptual-motor skills in children at 4-5 years of age / Preditores da baixa habilidade percepto-motora em crianças de 4-5 anos de idade

Abstract Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictors of low perceptual-motor skills in children at preschool age. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study nested in a birth cohort involving mother-child pairs. The children's perceptual-motor skills were assessed individually in their homes when they were 4-5 years old using the Pre-Literacy Skills and Knowledge Test (THCP®), a vali-dated Brazilian instrument. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between cognitive perceptual-motor skills and potential maternal and child risk factors. Results: of the 199 children included in the study, 53.8% were boys, 90.8% attended school, and 91.1% were enrolled in a public school. Among the children, 114 (57.3%), 41 (20.6%) and 44 (22.1%) had low, moderate and high perceptual-motor skills, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed greater odds of children at preschool age having low perceptual motor skills for boys (OR=2.10; CI95%= 1.14-3.88), children who did not attend school (OR=4.61; CI95%= 1.21-17.49), and those with a household income <5 minimum wages (MW) (OR=4.28; CI95%= 1.49-12.26). Conclusions: our study showed that male gender, not attending school and a monthly household income <5 MW were predictors of low perceptual-motor skills in children at 4-5 years of age.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar os preditores da baixa habilidade percepto-motora em crianças em idade pré-escolar. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de nascimentos envol-vendo pares de mães-crianças. A habilidade percepto-motora das crianças foi avaliada indi-vidualmente em suas residências quando completaram 4-5 anos de idade, utilizando-se o Teste de Habilidades e Conhecimento Pré-Alfabetização (THCP®), um instrumento brasileiro validado. Análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para estimar a associação entre a baixa habilidade percepto-motora das crianças e potenciais fatores de risco materno-infantil. Resultados: das 199 crianças incluídas no estudo, 53,8% eram meninos, 90,8% frequen-tavam a escola, e 91,1% estudavam em escola pública. Entre as crianças, 114 (57,3%), 41 (20,6%) e 44 (22,1%) revelaram baixa, moderada e elevada habilidade percepto-motora, respectivamente. A análise de regressão logística ajustada revelou maior chance de crianças em idade pré-escolar apresentar baixa habilidade percepto-motora quando em meninos (OR=2,10; IC95%=1,14-3,88), crianças que não frequentavam a escola (OR=4,61; IC95%=1,21-17,49), e possuíam renda familiar <5 salários mínimos (SM) (OR=4,28; IC95%=1,49-12,26). Conclusões: nosso estudo revelou que sexo masculino, renda familiar <5 SM, e não frequentar a escola foram preditores significativos da baixa habilidade percepto-motora em crianças de 4-5 anos de idade.

Predictors of excess birth weight in Brazil: a systematic review / Preditores do excesso de peso ao nascer no Brasil: revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective: To describe the main predictors for excess birth weight in Brazilian children. Data sources: Systematic review carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS. The research in the gray literature was performed using the Google Scholar database. The bias risk analysis was adapted from the Downs and Black scale, used to evaluate the methodology of the included studies. Data synthesis: Using the classifications of fetal macrosomia (>4.000 g or ≥4.000 g) and large for gestational age (above the 90th percentile), 64 risk factors for excess birth weight were found in 33 scientific articles in the five regions of the country. Of the 64 risk factors, 31 were significantly associated with excess birth weight, with excess gestational weight gain, pre-gestational body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and gestational diabetes mellitus being the most prevalent. Conclusion: The main predictors for excess birth weight in Brazil are modifiable risk factors. The implementation of adequate nutritional status in the gestational period and even after childbirth appears to be due to the quality and frequency of the follow-up of the mothers and their children by public health agencies.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever os principais preditores para o excesso de peso ao nascer em crianças brasileiras. Fontes dos dados: Revisão sistemática feita nos bancos de dados bibliográficos: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science e Lilacs. A pesquisa na literatura cinzenta foi feita na base de dados Google Acadêmico. A análise do risco de viés foi adaptada da escala de Downs e Black, usada para avaliar a metodologia dos estudos incluídos. Síntese dos dados: Com o uso das classificações macrossomia fetal (> 4.000 g ou ≥ 4.000 g) e grande para idade gestacional acima do percentil 90, foram encontrados 64 fatores de risco para excesso de peso ao nascer em 33 artigos científicos nas cinco regiões do país. Dos 64 fatores de risco, 31 foram significativamente associados a excesso de peso ao nascer, os mais prevalentes foram ganho de peso gestacional excessivo, índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional ≥25 kg/m2 e diabetes mellitus gestacional. Conclusão: Os principais preditores para o excesso de peso ao nascer no Brasil são fatores de risco modificáveis. O estabelecimento de um estado nutricional adequado no período gestacional e mesmo após o parto parece ser a qualidade e a frequência do acompanhamento dos órgãos de saúde junto às mães e seus filhos.

Anthropometric measurements as a potential non-invasive alternative for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To identify which anthropometric measurement would be the best predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Brazilian adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted on 222 adolescents (15-17 years) from a city in southern Brazil. Anthropometric, physical activity, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were investigated. MetS criteria were transformed into a continuous variable (MetS score). Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of BMI, hip circumference, neck circumference (NC), triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and body fat percentage with MetS score. ROC curves were constructed to determine the cutoff for each anthropometric measurement. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS was 7.2%. Each anthropometric measurement was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with MetS score. After adjusting for potential confounding variables (age, sex, physical activity, and maternal education), the standardized coefficients of NC and body fat percentage appeared to have the strongest association (beta = 0.69 standard deviation) with MetS score. The regression of BMI provided the best model fit (adjusted R2 = 0.31). BMI predicted MetS with high sensitivity (100.0%) and specificity (86.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that BMI and NC are effective screening tools for MetS in adolescents. The early diagnosis of MetS combined with targeted lifestyle interventions in adolescence may help reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in adulthood.

Anthropometric measurements as a potential non-invasive alternative for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify which anthropometric measurement would be the best predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Brazilian adolescents. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 222 adolescents (15-17 years) from a city in southern Brazil. Anthropometric, physical activity, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were investigated. MetS criteria were transformed into a continuous variable (MetS score). Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of BMI, hip circumference, neck circumference (NC), triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and body fat percentage with MetS score. ROC curves were constructed to determine the cutoff for each anthropometric measurement. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 7.2%. Each anthropometric measurement was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with MetS score. After adjusting for potential confounding variables (age, sex, physical activity, and maternal education), the standardized coefficients of NC and body fat percentage appeared to have the strongest association (beta = 0.69 standard deviation) with MetS score. The regression of BMI provided the best model fit (adjusted R2 = 0.31). BMI predicted MetS with high sensitivity (100.0%) and specificity (86.4%). Conclusions: Our results suggest that BMI and NC are effective screening tools for MetS in adolescents. The early diagnosis of MetS combined with targeted lifestyle interventions in adolescence may help reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in adulthood.

Predictors of excess birth weight in Brazil: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the main predictors for excess birth weight in Brazilian children. DATA SOURCES: Systematic review carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS. The research in the gray literature was performed using the Google Scholar database. The bias risk analysis was adapted from the Downs and Black scale, used to evaluate the methodology of the included studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Using the classifications of fetal macrosomia (>4.000g or ≥4.000g) and large for gestational age (above the 90th percentile), 64 risk factors for excess birth weight were found in 33 scientific articles in the five regions of the country. Of the 64 risk factors, 31 were significantly associated with excess birth weight, with excess gestational weight gain, pre-gestational body mass index ≥25kg/m2, and gestational diabetes mellitus being the most prevalent. CONCLUSION: The main predictors for excess birth weight in Brazil are modifiable risk factors. The implementation of adequate nutritional status in the gestational period and even after childbirth appears to be due to the quality and frequency of the follow-up of the mothers and their children by public health agencies.

Association between FTO gene polymorphism and excess body weight in women from before to after pregnancy: A cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the FTO-rs9939609 polymorphism on excess body weight in women during the reproductive transition from pre- to post-pregnancy. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study covering a period extending from before pregnancy to 2 and 4 years after pregnancy. A total of 435 women were first included in the study and, at last follow-up, 220 of them continued to participate in the study. The FTO-rs9939609 polymorphism was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction/ restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) method. RESULTS: The FTO-rs9939609 polymorphism was associated with increasing weight and body mass index (BMI) during the follow-up period. Women carrying at least 1 risk allele (A) were significantly heavier (P < .05, up to 4.24 kg) and had a 1.30 kg/m2 higher BMI. Although the AA genotype was significantly associated with a greater risk compared to the wild-type genotype in the cross-sectional analysis, the results did not differ significantly in the longitudinal analysis (AA genotype, ß = 1.20, 95% CI 0.85-1.68), even after adjustment for pre-pregnancy age, smoking before pregnancy, parity at pregnancy, and gestational weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: The FTO-rs9939609 polymorphism was associated with increased weight and BMI in mothers before and after pregnancy. However, we found no significant effect of the polymorphism on excess body weight of women during the reproductive trajectory.

Breast-feeding duration for the prevention of excess body weight of mother-child pairs concurrently: a 2-year cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between breast-feeding duration and the risk of excess body weight (children >85th percentile, mothers BMI≥25·0 kg/m2) concurrently in mother-child pairs two years after delivery. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study in Joinville, Brazil. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent relationship between breast-feeding duration and risk of excess body weight. SETTING: Brazilian public maternity hospital. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and five mother-child pairs. RESULTS: At 2-year follow-up, 23·6 % of mother-child pairs had excess body weight. Children breast-fed for <2 months were more likely to have excess body weight than children breast-fed for ≥6 months (OR=2·4; 95 % CI 1·1, 5·1). Breast-feeding for <2 months was also associated with a greater likelihood of maternal excess body weight compared with those who breast-fed for ≥6 months (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 1·1, 8·1). There was a progressive increase in the likelihood of mother-child pairs having excess body weight as breast-feeding duration decreased. In addition to breast-feeding duration, other independent determinants of excess body weight were pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain and number of pregnancies in mothers, and birth weight in children. CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding for a longer duration has a parallel protective effect on the risk of excess body weight in mother-child pairs two years after birth. Since members of the same family could be influenced by the same risk factors, continued promotion and support of breast-feeding may help to attenuate the rising prevalence of overweight in mother-child pairs.

Independent effect of type of breastfeeding on overweight and obesity in children aged 12-24 months. / Efeito independente do tipo de aleitamento no risco de excesso de peso e obesidade em crianças entre 12-24 meses de idade.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of type of breastfeeding on the nutritional status of children between 12-24 months of age. This cohort study included 435 children born in 2012 in a public hospital in Joinville, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Two years after delivery the mothers and their children were contacted in their homes for a new investigation of demographic, economic, nutritional, and anthropometric data. In the unadjusted analysis, children who were not exclusively breastfed were more likely to be overweight (including obesity) at 2 years of age (OR = 1.6; p = 0.049) than exclusively breastfed children. After adjusting for several covariates, children who were not exclusively breastfed had a 12% higher risk of overweight including obesity compared to unadjusted analysis (OR = 2.6 vs. OR = 1.8; p = 0.043). In addition, birthweight was also an independent determinant of overweight including obesity (OR = 2.5; p = 0.002). The practice of exclusive breastfeeding can reduce the risk of overweight in children from developing countries such as Brazil.

Cardiometabolic risk markers of normal weight and excess body weight in Brazilian adolescents.

Excess body weight leads to a variety of metabolic changes and increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adulthood. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of risk markers for CVD among Brazilian adolescents of normal weight and with excess body weight. The markers included blood pressure, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, fibrinogen, fasting insulin and glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides. We calculated odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders such as age, sex, physical activity, and socioeconomic background. Compared with normal weight subjects, overweight/obese adolescents were more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure (OR = 3.49, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (OR = 8.03, p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (OR = 8.03, p < 0.001), leptin (OR = 5.55, p < 0.001), and LDL-c (OR = 5.50, p < 0.001) and lower serum HDL-c concentrations (OR = 2.76, p = 0.004). After adjustment for confounders, the estimates did not change substantially, except for leptin for which the risk associated with overweight increased to 11.09 (95% CI: 4.05-30.35). In conclusion, excess body weight in adolescents exhibits strong associations with several markers that are established as causes of CVD in adults. This observation stresses the importance of primary prevention and of maintaining a healthy body weight throughout adolescence to reduce the global burden of CVD.

Efeito independente do tipo de aleitamento no risco de excesso de peso e obesidade em crianças entre 12-24 meses de idade / Efecto independiente del tipo de lactancia en el riesgo de exceso de peso y obesity en niños entre 12-24 meses de edad / Independent effect of type of breastfeeding on overweight and obesity in children aged 12-24 months

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do tipo de aleitamento no risco de excesso de peso de crianças entre 12-24 meses de idade. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte que incluiu 435 crianças nascidas em 2012 em uma maternidade pública de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Dois anos após o parto, as mães e seus filhos foram contatados nas residências para uma nova coleta de dados. Na análise não ajustada, crianças que não receberam aleitamento materno exclusivo apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver excesso de peso aos dois anos de idade (OR = 1,6; p = 0,049), quando comparadas às crianças amamentadas exclusivamente. Mesmo após o ajuste para diversas covariáveis, o risco das crianças não amamentadas exclusivamente apresentarem excesso de peso aumentou 12% em relação à análise não ajustada (OR = 2,6 vs. OR = 1,8; p = 0,043). Adicionalmente, o peso ao nascer também mostrou ser um determinante independente do risco de excesso de peso (OR = 2,5; p = 0,002). A prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo pode reduzir o risco de excesso de peso em crianças de países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la importancia del tipo de lactancia en el riesgo de exceso de peso de niños entre 12-24 meses de edad. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte que incluyó a 435 niños nacidos en 2012, en una maternidad pública de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Tras dos años después del parto, se contactó con las madres y sus hijos en sus residencias para una nueva recogida de datos. En el análisis no ajustado, los niños que no recibieron exclusivamente el pecho materno presentaron mayor riesgo de desarrollar exceso de peso a los dos años de edad (OR = 1,6; p = 0,049), cuando se comparan con los niños amamantados exclusivamente. Incluso tras el ajuste para diversas covariables, el riesgo de que los niños no amamantados exclusivamente presentaran exceso de peso aumentó un 12%, en relación con el análisis no ajustado (OR = 2,6 vs. OR = 1,8; p = 0,043). Asimismo, el peso al nacer también mostró ser un determinante independiente del riesgo de exceso de peso (OR = 2,5; p = 0,002). La práctica de dar exclusivamente el pecho puede reducir el riesgo de exceso de peso en niños de países en desarrollo como Brasil.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the effect of type of breastfeeding on the nutritional status of children between 12-24 months of age. This cohort study included 435 children born in 2012 in a public hospital in Joinville, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Two years after delivery the mothers and their children were contacted in their homes for a new investigation of demographic, economic, nutritional, and anthropometric data. In the unadjusted analysis, children who were not exclusively breastfed were more likely to be overweight (including obesity) at 2 years of age (OR = 1.6; p = 0.049) than exclusively breastfed children. After adjusting for several covariates, children who were not exclusively breastfed had a 12% higher risk of overweight including obesity compared to unadjusted analysis (OR = 2.6 vs. OR = 1.8; p = 0.043). In addition, birthweight was also an independent determinant of overweight including obesity (OR = 2.5; p = 0.002). The practice of exclusive breastfeeding can reduce the risk of overweight in children from developing countries such as Brazil.

Neck circumference as a complementary measure to identify excess body weight in children aged 13-24 months / Circunferência do pescoço como medida complementar para identificar excesso de peso corporal em crianças de 13-24 meses de idade

To analyze the accuracy of neck circumference (NC) as a measure for assessing excess body weight in children aged 13-24 months of life, according to gender.Methods:this is a cross-sectional study comparing the neck circumferences in relation to body mass index (BMI) and other anthropometric measures. The best cut-off point for identifying excess body weight was determined using the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve (ROC curve), according to gender and age groups 13-15 months, 16-19 months and 20-24 months.Results:NC waspositively correlated (p<0.001) with body weight and BMI in both genders, and length in girls (p<0.001). Positive correlations were found between NC and BMI in the three age groups (13-15, 16-19 and 20-24 months) in both boys and girls. The NC cut-off points for boys were 23.6, 23.9 and 24.0 cm, and 23.4, 23.5 and 23.6 cm for girls, for the 1315, 16-19 and 20-24 age groups respectively.Conclusions:NC can be used to screen for excess body weight in children aged 13-24 months. However, further studies with a larger sample will be required in order to complement these results...

Analisar a correlação da circunferência do pescoço (CP) com medidas antropométricas em crianças de 13-24 meses de vida, de acordo com o sexo.Métodos:estudo de corte seccional comparando as medidas de circunferência do pescoço em relação ao índice de massa corporal (IMC) e outras medidas antropométricas. Construiu-se a curva Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) de forma a avaliar o melhor ponto de corte para identificar excesso de peso corporal segundo o sexo e os grupos etários 1315, 16-19 e 20-24 meses.Resultados:a CP foi positivamente correlacionada ao peso corporal e ao IMC em ambos os sexos (p<0,001), e ao comprimento no sexo feminino (p<0,001). O IMC foi positivamente correlacionado (p<0,05) com a CP nos três grupos etários (13-15, 16-19 e 20-24 meses) investigados e em ambos os sexos. Os valores dos pontos de corte da CP para os meninos foram 23,6; 23,9 e 24,0 cm, e para as meninas 23,4; 23,5 e 23,6 cm, respectivamente para os grupos etários 13-15, 16-19 e 20-24 meses.Conclusões:a CP pode ser utilizada para identificar excesso de peso em crianças de 13 a 24 meses de idade. Contudo, são necessários mais estudos com amostras maiores para complementar nossos resultados...

Use of custom insoles for redistributing plantar pressure, decreasing musculoskeletal pain and reducing postural changes in obese adults / Uso da palmilha para redistribuir a pressão plantar, diminuir a dor musculoesquelética e reduzir as alterações posturais em adultos obesos

Introduction Insoles are used for different purposes and they can be an additional factor aiding weight loss in obese people due to their contribution in reducing musculoskeletal pain. Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of custom insoles for redistributing plantar pressure, decreasing musculoskeletal pain and reducing postural changes in obese adults. Materials and methods Data was obtained from morbidly obese people, who had a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 35 and < 45 kg/m2, at three moments: before the insole was provided, immediately after insole use began and after two months of use. Anthropometric, postural, musculoskeletal pain and computerized baropodometry data were collected. Results When comparing the stages before the use of the insole and after two months of use, significant (p < 0.05) decreases were observed in the number of people with right lateral postural misalignment, in the intensity of the musculoskeletal pain of the body segments evaluated (except for the right knee), and in the mean of the peak plantar pressure values. In terms of total plantar contact area, the mean increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both right and left feet after the intervention. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the daily use of proprioceptive insoles contributed to reducing peak plantar pressure, musculoskeletal pain and lateral postural deviations. The use of proprioceptive insoles may be an important strategy to encourage obese people to exercise and, consequently, reduce weight. .

Introdução Palmilhas têm sido utilizadas por diferentes razões, e podem auxiliar na perda de peso em pessoas obesas por contribuírem na redução da dor musculoesquelética. Objetivos O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da palmilha na redistribuição da pressão plantar, na diminuição da dor musculoesquelética e na redução das alterações posturais em adultos obesos. Materiais e métodos Os dados foram obtidos de pacientes com obesidade mórbida e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) ≥ 35 e < 45 kg/m2, em três diferentes momentos: antes do fornecimento da palmilha, imediatamente após o uso da palmilha e após dois meses de uso da palmilha. Foram coletados dados relacionados à antropometria, postura, dor musculoesquelética e baropodometria computadorizada. Resultados Quando comparadas as etapas antes do uso das palmilhas e após dois meses de uso, houve redução significativa (p < 0,05) no número de indivíduos com desvio lateral direito, na intensidade da dor musculoesquelética dos segmentos corporais avaliados (exceto para o joelho direito) e nos valores médios dos picos de pressão plantar. No que tange à área total de contato plantar, sua média aumentou de forma significativa (p < 0,05) em ambos os pés, direito e esquerdo, após a intervenção. Conclusão Este estudo demonstrou que o uso diário de palmilhas proprioceptivas contribuiu na redução dos picos de pressão plantar, da dor musculoesquelética e dos desvios posturais laterais. O uso de palmilhas proprioceptivas pode ser uma importante estratégia para estimular indivíduos obesos a praticarem exercícios e, consequentemente, reduzirem seu peso. .

[Analysis of quality of life following hospital discharge among survivors of severe sepsis and septic shock]. / Análise da qualidade de vida após a alta hospitalar em sobreviventes de sepse grave e choque séptico.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the impact of severe sepsis and septic shock on patients' quality of life following hospital discharge. METHODS: A controlled study conducted in two general hospitals of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil, of in-patients with severe sepsis or septic shock during the period of August 2005 through November 2007. The patients were contacted by telephone between June and November 2009. The study group responded to Short Form-36, a questionnaire on the quality of life, two years after being discharged from hospital. The questionnaire was also answered by a control group composed of people who lived at the same residence as the study subjects, had no recent hospitalization, and were close in age. RESULTS: Of 217 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, 112 (51.6%) survived hospitalization. The survival rate after hospital discharge was 41.02% at 180 days, 37.4% at one year, 34.3% at 18 months, and 32.3% in two years. Thirty-six survivors responded to Short Form-36. There were declines in the quality of life for survivors (No. = 36) in comparison to the control group (No. = 36) in the following areas: physical functioning (59 ± 32 versus 91 ± 18; P < 0.001), vitality (48 ± 13 versus 59 ± 14; P < 0.008), mental health (48 ± 13 versus 59 ± 14; P < 0.03), bodily pain (50 ± 26 versus 76 ± 16; P < 0.001), general health perceptions (53 ± 18 versus 67 ± 13; P < 0.004), physical role functioning (67 ± 45 versus 85 ± 34; P < 0.05), and social role functioning (70 ± 28 versus 90. ± 16; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severe sepsis or septic shock can result in significant negative effects on the quality of life, in addition to reducing long-term survival probability.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and to test their relation to mortality in patients undergoing to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: It is a retrospective study developed from the medical records of 655 patients undergoing CABG from May 2002 to April 2010. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 12.1%. Mortality was significantly (P<0.05) higher in females (17.3%), aged less than 70 years (22.8%), in emergency surgery (36.4%), in cases of readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (33.3%), when the stay in the ICU was less than three days (16.3%), undergoing longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and with more comorbidities (15.4%). Predictor variables of death identified with logistic regression analysis were: female (OR=2.04), age >70 years (OR=2.69), emergency surgery (OR=15.43) and urgency (OR=3.81), performance of CPB (OR=2.19) and re-admission to the ICU (OR=4.33). CONCLUSION: Variables such as gender, age, type of surgery, readmission to the ICU, ICU stay, comorbidities and time of CPB influence the outcome death in patients undergoing to CABG. Thus, such aspects should be considered to reduce hospital mortality in patients undergoing such surgery.

Análise da qualidade de vida após a alta hospitalar em sobreviventes de sepse grave e choque séptico / Analysis of quality of life following hospital discharge among survivors of severe sepsis and septic shock

OBJETIVO: Descrever a repercussão da sepse grave e do choque séptico sobre a qualidade de vida após a alta hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Estudo controlado realizado em dois hospitais gerais de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil, envolvendo pacientes internados com sepse grave ou choque séptico no período de agosto de 2005 a novembro de 2007. Os pacientes foram contatados por telefone entre junho e novembro de 2009. Os sobreviventes responderam ao Short Form-36, um questionário de qualidade de vida, dois anos após a alta. O questionário também foi respondido por um grupo controle composto de pessoas que habitavam o mesmo domicílio dos sobreviventes, sem internação recente e com idade mais próxima possível à do paciente. RESULTADOS: De 217 pacientes com sepse grave ou choque séptico, 112 (51,6%) sobreviveram à internação. A sobrevida pós-alta hospitalar foi de 41,02% em 180 dias, 37,4% após um ano, 34¡3% em 18 meses e 32,3% em dois anos. Trinta e seis sobreviventes responderam ao Short Form-36. Houve comprometimento da qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes (No. = 36) em relação ao grupo controle (No. = 36) nos domínios: capacidade funcional (59 ± 32 versus 91 ± 18; P < 0,002), vitalidade (48 ± 13 versus 59 ± 14; P < 0,008), saúde mental (48 ± 13 versus 59 ± 14; P < 0,03), dor (50 ± 26 versus 76 ± 16; P < 0,001), estado geral de saúde (53 ±18 versus 67 ± 13; P < 0,004), aspectos físicos (67 ± 45 versus 85 ± 34; P < 0,05) e aspectos sociais (70 ±28 versus 90 ± 16; P < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Sepse grave ou choque séptico podem resultar em comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida, assim como limitar a probabilidade de sobrevida a longo prazo.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the impact of severe sepsis and septic shock on patients' quality of life following hospital discharge. METHODS: A controlled study conducted in two general hospitals of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil, of in-patients with severe sepsis or septic shock during the period of August 2005 through November 2007. The patients were contacted by telephone between June and November 2009. The study group responded to Short Form-36, a questionnaire on the quality of life, two years after being discharged from hospital. The questionnaire was also answered by a control group composed of people who lived at the same residence as the study subjects, had no recent hospitalization, and were close in age. Results: Of 217 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, 112 (51.6%) survived hospitalization. The survival rate after hospital discharge was 41.02% at 180 days, 37.4% at one year, 34.3% at 18 months, and 32.3% in two years. Thirty-six survivors responded to Short Form-36. There were declines in the quality of life for survivors (No. = 36) in comparison to the control group (No. = 36) in the following areas: physical functioning (59 ± 32 versus 91 ± 18; P < 0.001), vitality (48 ± 13 versus 59 ± 14; P < 0.008), mental health (48 ± 13 versus 59 ± 14; P < 0.03), bodily pain (50 ± 26 versus 76 ± 16; P < 0.001), general health perceptions (53 ± 18 versus 67 ± 13; P < 0.004), physical role functioning (67 ± 45 versus 85 ± 34; P < 0.05), and social role functioning (70 ± 28 versus 90. ± 16; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severe sepsis or septic shock can result in significant negative effects on the quality of life, in addition to reducing long-term survival probability.

Características clínico-demográficas de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e sua relação com a mortalidade / Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínicodemográficas e testar sua relação com a mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo conduzido a partir dos prontuários de 655 pacientes submetidos à CRM, no período de maio de 2002 a abril de 2010. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 12,1%. A mortalidade foi significativamente (P<0,05) maior em indivíduos do sexo feminino (17,3%), com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos (22,8%), em cirurgias de emergência (36,4%), nos casos de reinternação na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) (33,3%), quando a permanência foi inferior a três dias na UTI (16,3%), submetidos a maior tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e com maior número de comorbidades (15,4%). As variáveis preditoras de óbito identificadas pela análise de regressão logística foram: sexo feminino (OR=2,04); idade >70 anos (OR=2,69); cirurgias em caráter de emergência (OR=15,43) e de urgência (OR=3,81); realização de CEC (OR=2,19) e reinternação na UTI (OR=4,33). CONCLUSÃO: Sexo, idade, tipo de cirurgia, reinternação na UTI, permanência na UTI, comorbidades e tempo de CEC influenciaram no desfecho óbito do paciente submetido à CRM. Dessa forma, tais aspectos devem ser considerados para diminuir o óbito hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a esse tipo de cirurgia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and to test their relation to mortality in patients undergoing to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: It is a retrospective study developed from the medical records of 655 patients undergoing CABG from May 2002 to April 2010. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 12.1%. Mortality was significantly (P<0.05) higher in females (17.3%), aged less than 70 years (22.8%), in emergency surgery (36.4%), in cases of readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (33.3%), when the stay in the ICU was less than three days (16.3%), undergoing longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and with more comorbidities (15.4%). Predictor variables of death identified with logistic regression analysis were: female (OR=2.04), age >70 years (OR=2.69), emergency surgery (OR=15.43) and urgency (OR=3.81), performance of CPB (OR=2.19) and re-admission to the ICU (OR=4.33). CONCLUSION: Variables such as gender, age, type of surgery, readmission to the ICU, ICU stay, comorbidities and time of CPB influence the outcome death in patients undergoing to CABG. Thus, such aspects should be considered to reduce hospital mortality in patients undergoing such surgery.